{"id":281499,"date":"2022-08-10T16:08:09","date_gmt":"2022-08-10T15:08:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/laboratory-testing\/contaminants-and-residues\/plant-toxins\/"},"modified":"2022-08-10T16:08:09","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T15:08:09","slug":"plant-toxins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/laboratory-testing\/contaminants-and-residues\/plant-toxins\/","title":{"rendered":"Plant Toxins in Food"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"page-header-block-wrapper fullwidth-block\">\n    <div class=\"acf-page-header\" style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Merieux-NutriSciences-Europe-Plant-toxins.jpg'); \">\n        <div class=\"overlay\"><\/div>\n        <div class=\"acf-page-header-container\">\n                            <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/plant-toxins-white-2.png\" alt=\"Icon\" \/>\n                <\/div>\n                        <h1>Plant Toxins in Food<\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\n.page-header-block-wrapper{\n    margin-bottom: 60px;\n}\n\n.fullwidth-block {\n    max-width: none !important;\n    width: 100vw !important;\n    position: relative;\n    padding:0px;\n    left: 50%;\n    right: 50%;\n    margin-left: -50vw;\n    margin-right: -50vw;\n}\n\n.acf-page-header {\n    background-size: cover;\n    background-position: center;\n    display: flex;\n    position: relative;\n    min-height: 250px; \n}\n\n.acf-page-header-container{\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 48px 24px;\n    display: flex;\n    flex-direction: column;\n    justify-content: end;\n    align-items: center;\n}\n\n.acf-page-header .overlay {\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 0;\n    left: 0;\n    right: 0;\n    bottom: 0;\n    background: linear-gradient(to top, var(--global-palette4), transparent);\n    z-index: 1;\n}\n\n.acf-page-header-container .image-wrapper{\n    position:relative;\n    height: 70px;\n    width: 70px;\n    background: var(--global-palette4);\n    border-radius: 50%;\n    z-index: 1;\n}\n\n.acf-page-header-container img{\n    position: absolute;\n    top: 50%;\n    left: 50%;\n    transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n    max-width:40px;\n    z-index: 2;\n}\n\n.acf-page-header h1 {\n    display:block;\n    position: relative;\n    z-index: 2;\n    color:white;\n    text-align: center;\n}\n\n@media (min-width: 1025px) {\n    .acf-page-header-container{\n        width: 1290px;\n    }\n    \n}\n\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\n    .acf-page-header-container {\n        align-self: end;\n    }\n    .acf-page-header .overlay {\n        background: linear-gradient(to top, var(--global-palette4), transparent);\n    }\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .acf-page-header .overlay {\n        background: linear-gradient(to top, var(--global-palette4), transparent);\n    }\n    .acf-page-header h1 {\n        font-size:28px;\n    }\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plant toxins are <strong>toxic secondary metabolites<\/strong> produced by some plants as a natural defense against herbivorous animals, microorganisms, insects, or other plants. These toxins have <strong>toxic <\/strong>and <strong>repellent effects <\/strong>and can accumulate in various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, flowers, roots). As a result, plant toxins may naturally occur in food and feed, as well as in weeds and ornamental plants.<\/p>\n\n\n        <div class=\"wp-block-accordion\">\n            \n                                    <div class=\"nq-c-Dropdown\" data-nqis=\"Dropdown\">\n                        <div data-nqdisplay=\"small\"><\/div>\n                        <div data-nqdisplay=\"large\"><\/div>\n    \n                        <div class=\"nq-c-Dropdown-toggler nq-c-Heading nq-u-blue\" data-lvl=\"3\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            <span class=\"nq-c-Dropdown-toggler-txt\">List of plant toxins<\/span>\n                            <span class=\"nq-c-Dropdown-toggler-icon\">\n                                \n                                <span class=\"icon-minus-accordion\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD SVG 20010904\/\/EN\"\n \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2001\/REC-SVG-20010904\/DTD\/svg10.dtd\">\n<svg version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n width=\"20.000000pt\" height=\"20pt\" viewBox=\"0 0 512.000000 512.000000\"\n preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\">\n\n<g transform=\"translate(0.000000,512.000000) scale(0.100000,-0.100000)\"\nfill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"none\">\n<path d=\"M936 2697 c-109 -61 -106 -221 5 -277 38 -20 66 -20 1619 -20 1553 0\n1581 0 1619 20 113 57 113 223 0 280 -38 20 -66 20 -1621 20 l-1583 0 -39 -23z\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n                                <span class=\"icon-plus-accordion\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" standalone=\"no\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD SVG 20010904\/\/EN\"\n \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2001\/REC-SVG-20010904\/DTD\/svg10.dtd\">\n<svg version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n width=\"20pt\" height=\"20pt\" viewBox=\"0 0 512.000000 512.000000\"\n preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\">\n\n<g transform=\"translate(0.000000,512.000000) scale(0.100000,-0.100000)\"\nfill=\"#000000\" stroke=\"none\">\n<path d=\"M2480 4288 c-18 -13 -43 -36 -54 -51 -21 -28 -21 -35 -24 -773 l-2\n-744 -744 -2 c-738 -3 -745 -3 -773 -24 -98 -73 -98 -195 0 -268 28 -21 35\n-21 773 -24 l744 -2 2 -744 c3 -738 3 -745 24 -773 73 -98 195 -98 268 0 21\n28 21 35 24 773 l2 744 744 2 c738 3 745 3 773 24 98 73 98 195 0 268 -28 21\n-35 21 -773 24 l-744 2 -2 744 c-3 738 -3 745 -24 773 -35 48 -82 73 -134 73\n-32 0 -57 -7 -80 -22z\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n                                \n                            <\/span>\n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"nq-c-Dropdown-menu\" hidden>\n                                                            <p>Intrinsic plant toxins:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Erucic acid<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/food-eu\/tropane-alkaloids-in-corn\/\">Tropane alkaloids<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cyanogenic glycosides (Hydrocyanic acid \u2013 Cyanide, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Glycoalkaloids (solanine, chaconine, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Pyrimidine glycosides (vicine, convicine, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Gossypol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other plant toxins:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/quinolizidine-alkaloids-in-lupins\/\">Quinolizidine alkaloids<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Calystegine<\/li>\n<li>Opium alkaloids<\/li>\n<li>Cannabinoids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n    \n                                                                                    <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                                    <\/div>\n    \n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_6a0e92-5d .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_6a0e92-5d .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-27820_6a0e92-5d\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-exposure-assessment-of-plant-toxins\">Exposure Assessment of Plant Toxins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plant toxins may be <strong>naturally present<\/strong> in some foods or feeds, or they may occur due to possible<strong>cross-contamination<\/strong> in the field, during harvest, or transport. Contaminated edible crops can carry them in the food chain or animals can transfer them through feed to humans, causing serious health consequences. Some plant toxins can cause <strong>chronic diseases<\/strong> due to their genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic properties. Others have <strong>acute toxicity<\/strong> causing hepatic veno-occlusive diseases or hallucinogenic effects. The plant toxins of greatest dietary interest include Tropane Alkaloids, Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Glycoalkaloids, Calystegine, Opium Alkaloids, and Cannabinoids, most commonly found in <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/food\/food-categories\/cereals-flours-bakery-services\/\">cereals<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/food\/food-categories\/condiments-spices-herbs\/\"><strong>herbs<\/strong>, <strong>spices<\/strong><\/a>, <strong>tea<\/strong>, <strong>infusions<\/strong>, and <strong>honey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_b9191c-38 .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_b9191c-38 .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-27820_b9191c-38\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-risk-assessment-of-plant-toxins\">Risk Assessment of Plant Toxins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">EFSA\u2019s expert panels have conducted scientific analyses and exposure studies to support the European Commission\u2019s decision to set <strong>maximum permitted levels<\/strong> of certain plant toxins for certain foods. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-size:18px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2798\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Scientific Opinion on Ergot alkaloids in food and feed<\/a>, 2012<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:18px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions, and food supplements<\/a>, 2017<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:18px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Human acute exposure assessment to tropane alkaloids<\/a>, 2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_d2aef2-71 .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_d2aef2-71 .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-27820_d2aef2-71\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-regulatory-framework\">Regulatory Framework<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the EU, <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=celex%3A32006R1881\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/915\/oj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/915<\/a><\/strong>, which sets <strong>maximum levels<\/strong> for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, is the reference standard for plant toxins in food.&nbsp;This regulation is <strong>subject to constant updates<\/strong>, as Food Safety Authorities collect data and conduct studies and evaluations. In 2020 and 2021, stricter limits were introduced for Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Tropane Alkaloids, Ergot Alkaloids, and Opium Alkaloids.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_0de9e4-4c .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-27820_0de9e4-4c .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-27820_0de9e4-4c\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-merieux-nutrisciences-comprehensive-service-for-plant-toxins\">M\u00e9rieux NutriSciences: Comprehensive Service for Plant Toxins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00e9rieux NutriSciences is a reliable partner for the determination of plant toxins in food and feed. We offer dedicated <strong>HPLC\/MS methods <\/strong>for the determination of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Opium alkaloids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/quinolizidine-alkaloids-in-lupins\/\">Quinolizidine alkaloids<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tropane alkaloids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/contact\/\"><strong>Contact us<\/strong><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id27820_8bf020-a8 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id27820_8bf020-a8 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > 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(max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column27820_524afd-0c{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column27820_524afd-0c{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column27820_524afd-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column27820_524afd-0c\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" src=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Paper-1024x687.png\" alt=\"Blue-Paper\" class=\"wp-image-215686\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-radius:4px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Paper-1024x687.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Paper-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Paper-768x515.png 768w, https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Paper.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column27820_c28759-4e > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column27820_c28759-4e > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);padding-left:0px;}.kadence-column27820_c28759-4e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column27820_c28759-4e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column27820_c28759-4e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 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(max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column27820_6466e2-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column27820_6466e2-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column27820_6466e2-8f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-theme-palette-9-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-7ba7c921961ea4c1e81a6d446d64843e\"><strong>Blue Paper: Plant Toxins<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-theme-palette-9-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-18dea667d1a190eddd4d45290c964207 wp-block-paragraph\">Access exclusive insights from our Plant Toxins experts on the Blue Paper platform, including <strong>analyses of food safety, quality and sustainability trends and regulatory updates<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/mxnsbluepaper.com\/plant-toxins\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Learn more about Plant Toxins<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"page-cards-block-wrapper fullwidth-block\">   \n    <div class=\"page-cards-title-container\"> \n        <h2> Other Contaminants &#038; Residues<\/h2>    \n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"full-width-row-page-cards-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"page-cards-container\">\n                                            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/laboratory-testing\/contaminants-and-residues\/\" class=\"card\">\n                                            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/contaminants-blue.png\" alt=\"Contaminants &#038; Residues\" class=\"card-icon\"\/>\n                                        <div class=\"card-content\">\n                        <span>Contaminants &#038; Residues<\/span>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/a>\n                                <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>    \n   \n\n<style>\n.fullwidth-block {\n    max-width: none !important;\n    width: 100vw !important;\n    position: relative;\n    padding:0px;\n    \/* left: 50%;\n    right: 50%;\n    margin-left: -50vw;\n    margin-right: -50vw; *\/\n}\n\n.page-cards-title-container{\n    max-width: 1290px;\n    margin: 100px auto 150px auto;\n    padding-left: var(--global-content-edge-padding);\n    padding-right: var(--global-content-edge-padding);\n}\n.page-cards-title-container h2{\n    color:var(--global-palette4);\n    text-align: center;\n}\n.full-width-row-page-cards-wrapper{\n    background-color: var(--global-palette4);\n}\n.page-cards-container{\n    max-width:1290px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    display: flex;\n    gap: 20px;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    padding: 0 12px;\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\n}\n.card {\n    display: flex;\n    transform: translate(0px, -100px);\n    flex-direction: column;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    width: 200px;\n    height: 200px;\n    background-color: white;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    color: black;\n    border: 1px solid #ccc;\n    padding: 10px;\n    box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n.card-icon {\n    align-self: center;\n    width: 80px; \n    height: auto;\n    margin-bottom: 10px;\n}\n.card-content{\n    display:flex;\n    justify-content: center;\n}\n\n.card-content span{\n    color:var(--global-palette3);\n    text-align: center;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    margin: 5px 0;\n    line-height: 1.2em;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    font-weight:bold;\n}\n\n.card:hover {\n    animation: all ease-in-out 0.3s;\n    transform: scale(.95) translate(0px, -100px);\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .page-cards-container {\n        flex-direction: column;\n        align-items: center;\n    }\n    .page-cards-title-container{\n        text-align: center;\n    }\n    \n}\n\n@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {\n    .page-cards-container {\n        flex-wrap: wrap;\n        justify-content: space-around;\n    }\n    .page-cards-title-container{\n        text-align: center;\n    }\n\n}\n\n<\/style>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plant toxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by some plants as a natural defense against herbivorous animals, microorganisms, insects, or other plants. These toxins have toxic and repellent effects and can accumulate in various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, flowers, roots). As a result, plant toxins may naturally occur in food and feed, as&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":281500,"parent":278933,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"service-page-testing-blue.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"folder":[],"class_list":["post-281499","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Merieux-NutriSciences-Europe-Plant-toxins.jpg",1024,299,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"Bas van Seeters","author_link":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/author\/bas\/"},"comment_info":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/281499","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=281499"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/281499\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/278933"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/281500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=281499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.merieuxnutrisciences.com\/za\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=281499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}